Hammond Schneider
04/17/2024 · Senior High School

29. Let \[ A=\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & -1 & 1 & 1\end{array}\right] \] We wish to determine all \( 4 \times 3 \) matrices \( X \) for which \( A X A=A \) Observe that \[ P A Q=\left[\begin{array}{llll}1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right] \] where \( P \) and \( Q \) are the invertible matrices \[ P=\left[\begin{array}{rrr}1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 2 & 1\end{array}\right] \text { and } Q=\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}1 & -1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{array}\right] . \] (a) Explain how you can use this to convert the problem of finding all \( X \) so that \( A X A=A \) to finding all \( 4 \times 3 \) matrices \( Y \) so that \( B Y B=B \), where \( B=P A Q \). Make sure to indicate how \( X \) and \( Y \) are related. (b) Find all \( Y \) so that \( B Y B=B \). (c) Use your answer in (b) to find all \( X \) so that \( A X A=A \). (d) Give 2 explicit \( X \) with \( A X A=A \).

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(a) To find all \( X \) such that \( A X A = A \), we can use the invertible matrices \( P \) and \( Q \) to transform the equation into finding all \( 4 \times 3 \) matrices \( Y \) such that \( B Y B = B \), where \( B = P A Q \). The relation between \( X \) and \( Y \) is \( X = P Y Q \). (b) The general form of \( Y \) is \( Y = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ a & b & c \\ d & e & f \end{bmatrix} \), where \( a, b, c, d, e, f \) are arbitrary real numbers. (c) The general form of \( X \) is \( X = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ -1 + 2a + d & 0 & 2c + f \end{bmatrix} \). (d) Two explicit matrices \( X \) that satisfy \( A X A = A \) are \( X_1 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \) and \( X_2 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \).

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