4. middle class 5. monarch 10. Treaty of Tordesillas 11. Describe Native American society in terms of (a) kinship, (b) clan, (c) oral history, and (d) barter. (Section I) 12. What were some religious beliefs held by Native Americans? (Section I) 13. Describe how the manor system and the Church affected medieval life. (Section 2 ) 14. Where were the Crusades, and how did they affect life in Europe? (Section 2 ) 15. Compare and contrast the Middle Ages and the 16. Wenaissance. (Section 2 ) What effects did geography have on the develop- ment of West African cultures? (Section 3 ) 17. Did West African cultures have anm.

- Middle class: Emerged during the late Middle Ages, contributing to the decline of feudalism and the growth of towns and cities. - Monarch: Sovereign head of state, often with significant power, shaping the political landscape of Europe. - Treaty of Tordesillas: Divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, impacting the colonization of the Americas. - Native American Society: Emphasized kinship, clans, oral history, and barter systems. - Religious Beliefs: Diverse, with a deep connection to nature and reverence for ancestors. - Manor System and the Church: Manor system was the economic structure of medieval Europe, while the Church provided spiritual guidance and social services. - The Crusades: Religious wars to reclaim the Holy Land, leading to increased trade and cultural exchange. - Middle Ages vs. Renaissance: Middle Ages were characterized by feudalism and Church influence, while the Renaissance saw a revival of classical learning and humanism. - Geography on West African Cultures: Influenced by the Sahara Desert, Niger River, diverse climates, and resources, leading to various cultures and trade networks. - West African Cultures: Rich and diverse, with complex political systems and extensive trade.