Dependent-sample \( t \) tests investigate the differences between the measurements before and after a treatment from the same sample. The measurements are measurement.

Dependent-sample \( t \) tests, or paired-sample \( t \) tests, compare measurements from the same subjects before and after a treatment. The steps include collecting paired data, calculating differences, computing mean and standard deviation of differences, determining the test statistic, and conducting hypothesis testing. This test is effective for controlling individual variability and providing reliable results.