Vega Lindsey
03/28/2023 · Senior High School

uál es el valor de la integral definida \( \int_{\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{4}}}^{\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}} x \csc \left(x^{2}\right) \cot \left(x^{2}\right) d x \) ?

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Para resolver la integral definida \[ I = \int_{\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{4}}}^{\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}} x \csc \left(x^{2}\right) \cot \left(x^{2}\right) d x, \] podemos utilizar un cambio de variable. Sea \[ u = x^2. \] Entonces, la derivada de \(u\) con respecto a \(x\) es \[ du = 2x \, dx \quad \Rightarrow \quad dx = \frac{du}{2x}. \] Además, cuando \(x = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{4}}\), tenemos \[ u = \left(\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{4}}\right)^2 = \frac{\pi}{4}, \] y cuando \(x = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}\), tenemos \[ u = \left(\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}\right)^2 = \frac{\pi}{2}. \] Sustituyendo en la integral, obtenemos: \[ I = \int_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} x \csc(u) \cot(u) \frac{du}{2x}. \] Los \(x\) se cancelan, y la integral se simplifica a: \[ I = \frac{1}{2} \int_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \csc(u) \cot(u) \, du. \] La integral de \(\csc(u) \cot(u)\) es conocida: \[ \int \csc(u) \cot(u) \, du = -\csc(u) + C. \] Por lo tanto, evaluamos la integral: \[ I = \frac{1}{2} \left[ -\csc(u) \right]_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}. \] Calculamos los límites: 1. Para \(u = \frac{\pi}{2}\): \[ \csc\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) = 1 \quad \Rightarrow \quad -\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) = -1. \] 2. Para \(u = \frac{\pi}{4}\): \[ \csc\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = \frac{1}{\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)} = \frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}} = \sqrt{2} \quad \Rightarrow \quad -\csc\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = -\sqrt{2}. \] Sustituyendo estos valores en la integral, tenemos: \[ I = \frac{1}{2} \left[ -1 - (-\sqrt{2}) \right] = \frac{1}{2} \left[ -1 + \sqrt{2} \right] = \frac{\sqrt{2} - 1}{2}. \] Por lo tanto, el valor de la integral definida es \[ \boxed{\frac{\sqrt{2} - 1}{2}}. \]

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El valor de la integral es \(\frac{\sqrt{2} - 1}{2}\).
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